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Udal law is a -derived , found in and in , and in Collegium Medievale 8.1 (1995, publ. 1996), 5-49 in the Isle of Man. It is closely related to ; both terms are from * Ōþalan, meaning "heritage; inheritance".


History
Udal law was codified by the Norwegian kings Magnus I and . The Treaty of Perth transferred the and Isle of Man to , while Norse law and rule still applied for and .

The courts of Scotland have intermittently acknowledged the supremacy of udal law in property cases up to the present day. Major differences from Scots law include shore ownership rights, important for pipelines and buried .

Udal law generally holds sway in Shetland and Orkney, along with .


Description
Not all land in Shetland and Orkney can be described as falling under udal tenure. The type of tenure depends on how the title arose:

  1. Unwritten udal title, while rare, does exist, for udal law did not require written title deeds.
  2. Recorded udal titles, as entered in the , provide proof by prescription for the purposes of the Prescription and Limitation (Scotland) Act 1973.
  3. Some udal proprietors resigned their lands to in exchange for a grant of feudal title to the , thus removing the land from udal law.
  4. Where some feu dispositions arose in quasi-feudal circumstances, such as sales under the right to buy legislation with respect to , the terms of the relevant deed will govern which tenure applies.

The udal tenant held without charter by uninterrupted possession on payment to the Crown, the , or a grantee from the Crown of a called skat (), now meaning "tax". This is cognate with the English term scot, which referred to a similar payment), or without such payment, the latter right being more strictly the udal right. They were convertible into feus at the option of the udallers. had unique traits, as the eldest son inherited the father's main residence, while the rest of the property was shared among siblings, daughters inheriting half as much as sons.

Several significant aspects of udal law are not seen elsewhere in the UK:

  1. While in the rest of Britain ownership of land extends only to the high water mark (where the Crown is deemed to own what lies below it), in Orkney and Shetland it extends to the lowest astronomical tide. This caused complications during the development of the North Sea oilfields, for builders of pipelines needed permission from the foreshore owners in order to proceed with their work. Under the Land Registration etc. (Scotland) Act 2012, Land Registration etc. (Scotland) Act 2012, 2012 asp 5 entry of title onto the Land Register of Scotland must include a , but the foreshore on such plans needs only to be drawn at the mean low water mark of ordinary spring tides. Where udal title exists, an appropriate note must be inserted on the plan to indicate that title extends to the lowest ebb.
  2. , which are the property of the Crown elsewhere in the UK, are the property of the people in Orkney and Shetland.


Modern land reform
The Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000 extinguished any remaining obligations to pay skat (ignoring whatever vestigial or forgotten laws not in effect), effective 28 November 2004. In addition, the Land Registration (Scotland) Act 1979 (as amended by the Title Conditions (Scotland) Act 2003) provides that, as of 1 April 2003, first registration will be required on any transfer of an interest in udal tenure that had not previously been entered in the Land Register, as real rights can only be obtained by registration.


See also


Further reading
  • (1996). 9780950599496, Scottish Society for Northern Studies.


External links
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